PRC Social Security Scheme :: essays research papers

PRC Social Security Scheme „h Major Characteristic of PRC Social Security Scheme - Only appropriate to Chinese neighborhood representatives - Local necessities may fluctuate from region to territory. „h Structure of Social Security Scheme - Pension - Unemployment Insurance - Medical Insurance - Housing National Requirement - Pension „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Unified System of Basic Old-age Insurance for Staff and Workers of Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨(July 16, 1997) „h Structure of the Basic Pension Scheme - Requires compulsory interest by undertakings and representatives; - Contains 2 components: a. Essential Pension Pooling Account b. Essential Pension Individual Account „h Enterprise Contribution - Maximum commitment of 20% of the absolute wages of the endeavors by and large except if affirmed by Labor Bureau and Ministry of Finance. - For a remote venture endeavor, the all out wages just spread Chinese nearby employees⠡â ¦ compensation. - Among the 20% commitment: a. start at 7% of worker pay in 1997, to be step by step diminished to 3%, for commitment into the Basic Pension Individual Account b. 13% to 17% goes to Basic Pension Pooling Account „h Employee Contribution - Start at 4% of worker compensation in 1997, to be step by step expanded to 8% - Contribution goes to Basic Pension Individual Account National Requirement  ¡V Unemployment Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Unemployment Insurance Regulation  ¡Ã¢ ¨ gave by State Council on January 22, 1999. „h Mandatory members - Requires obligatory cooperation by undertakings and workers; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprise ¡Ã‚ ¨ alludes to  ¡Ã‚ §Urban ventures and institutions⠡â ¨, incl uding: a. State-claimed endeavors; b. Urban aggregate undertakings; c. Remote speculation undertakings; d. Urban private undertakings; and e. Other urban enteprises -  ¡Ã‚ §Employee ¡Ã‚ ¨ alludes to  ¡Ã‚ §Staff and laborers of urban ventures and institution⠡â ¨ „h Contribution - Employer commitment - 2% of the all out wages of the undertakings; - Employee commitment - 1% of the employee⠡â ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Medical Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Staff and Workers  ¡Ã¢ ¨ gave by State Council „h Mandatory members - Requires obligatory support by endeavors and representatives; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨ alludes to  ¡Ã¢ §all urban enterprises⠡â ¨, including: a. State-claimed undertakings; b. Urban aggregate ventures; c. Remote speculation ventures; d. Urban private endeavors; e. Government associations, establishments; f. Social asso ciations; and g. Non-legislative non-endeavor units. -  ¡Ã‚ §Employees ¡Ã‚ ¨ alludes to  ¡Ã¢ §employees of the previously mentioned enterprises⠡â ¨ „h Contribution - Employer commitment  ¡V roughly 6% of the complete wages of the endeavors; - Employee commitment - 2% of the employee⠡â ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Housing „h  ¡Ã‚ §Administrative Regulation on Housing  ¡Ã¢ ¨ gave by the State Council on April 3, 1999.

A Review of The Old Man and The Sea: Hemingway’s Tragic Vision of Man

The Old Man and the Sea is one of the most well known novel composed by Ernest Hemingway. In this novel, Hemingway shows the world the tale about the incomparable Santiago, an old Cuban angler who battles for his respect and pride. In the basic article, â€Å"Hemingway’s Tragic Vision of Man,† Clinton S. Burhans, Jr composes that he and different creators have deciphered this novel, and he considers the accompanying focuses: courageous independence, association, and Christian subjects. I concur with Burhans’ exposition. In the novel, Hemingway tends to the character of Santiago so appropriately that he motivates these focuses without question. â€Å"He was an elderly person who angled alone in a rowboat in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish† (Hemingway 1): This is the way the story starts. The elderly person had gone through just about a quarter of a year without discovering anything, so the following day he decided and proposed to himself that he would take a major fish. That day he went far in the sea. To start with, he feels that he needs to recover his misfortune by getting a major fish. He needs to demostra...

hello seattle

hello seattle seattle felt foriegn to me as i walked its avenues, but i wasnt comparing how foriegn it felt from my hometown in long island, new york, but to boston, and to cambridge, and to MIT. they have successfully replaced the definition of home in my subconcious. im in a completely different mindset compared to three weeks ago. then, i was still in MIT mode, thinking about final assignments and projects for the semester, thinking about 6.033, being with a community of friends i lived with and saw daily. i turned 21. the semester finally ended, and people started to slowly move out. by friday, when i left, 2 east was a ghost town, stripped and boxed and stored away for three months. i moved back home01 real home for a week, where i was mostly alone, besides the two days i met some of my high school friends02 playing smash, and also, letterkenny problems: when post-10pm half-off-apps-dollar-rita applebees is the standard for meetups. and the two days i spent with joanna.03 going to the city, and to round one, probably one of the best arcade/game center chains imho the other days were alonely spent consuming media04 watching anime, playing league, playing overwatch, playing osu… , brushing up on javascript and python05 ill most likely be working with node.js this summer , reading books06 some manga, and also i want to start pachinko by min jin lee , and being bored. id been surrounded with people for an entire semester, and now i had to entertain myself with no psets, no meetings, and nothing due. i wanted to spend a day in nyc from sheer boredom, but it rained consistently throughout the week, which was enough of a deterrent. now, im in a simple but generous apartment in kirkland, washington, about to start my first day as a software engineering intern at godaddy in 9ish hours. here, and in seattle, there are hills so many hills. the people act different. the HOV lane is often on the right. streets are more rigid, unlike the loopiness of boston. it feels so much larger. the east coast is three hours behind. i always entertained the idea of living and working for an extended period of time on the west coast almost like a romanticized dream, even while aware of its cons. as someone who was born and grew up on the east coast, the west coast is so far away that it might as well be another country. 07 a significant portion of non-americans would balk at the fact that it took me 5 hours on a plane to get from one point in the country to another. the west coast had an allure to it that was due to not having experienced it. now that im about to start that experience, im not sure how i feel. i feel contradictory emotions that are somehow able to coexist: the happiness and contentment of where i am right here and right now and the lingering doubt, the sinking feeling of you didnt deserve this. although the happiness wins over this doubt by a longshot, if i dig deep, its there. its a very human reminder that i still subconciously have a little impostor syndrome, and thats okay. fun fact: my first iPod ever was the first-generation iPod shuffle, the one that looked like a late-00s 256MB USB stick. the first album i downloaded to it was Ocean Eyes by Owl City. ? hello seattle, i am a mountaineer… ? all that being said, im really excited. :) i should probably go to sleep, so heres some photos. 08 being a tourist here is really fun. but i also want to be more than a tourist eventually! Post Tagged #internship #seattle #summer internship real home back to text ? playing smash, and also, letterkenny problems: when post-10pm half-off-apps-dollar-rita applebee's is the standard for meetups. back to text ? going to the city, and to round one, probably one of the best arcade/game center chains imho back to text ? watching anime, playing league, playing overwatch, playing osu… back to text ? i'll most likely be working with node.js this summer back to text ? some manga, and also i want to start pachinko by min jin lee back to text ? a significant portion of non-americans would balk at the fact that it took me 5 hours on a plane to get from one point in the country to another. back to text ? being a tourist here is really fun. but i also want to be more than a tourist eventually! back to text ?

Definition and Examples of Word Play in English

Word play is verbal wit: the manipulation of language (in particular, the sounds and meanings of words) with the intent to amuse. Also known as logology and verbal play. Most young children take great pleasure in word play, which T. Grainger and K. Goouch characterize as a subversive activity . . . through which children experience the emotional charge and power of their own words to overturn the status quo and to explore boundaries (Young Children and Playful Language in Teaching Young Children, 1999) Examples and Observations of Word Play AntanaclasisYour argument is sound, nothing but sound.  - playing on the dual meaning of sound as a noun signifying something audible and as an adjective meaning logical or well-reasoned.(Benjamin Franklin)Double EntendreI used to be Snow White, but I drifted.  - playing on drift being a verb of motion as well as a noun denoting a snowbank.(Mae West)MalaphorSenator McCain suggests that somehow, you know, Im green behind the ears.  - mixing two metaphors: wet behind the ears and green, both of which signify inexperience.(Senator Barack Obama, Oct. 2008)MalapropismWhy not? Play captains against each other, create a little dysentery in the ranks.  - using dysentery instead of the similar-sounding dissent to comic effect.(Christopher Moltisanti in The Sopranos)Paronomasia and PunsHanging is too good for a man who makes puns; he should be drawn and quoted.  - riffing on the similarity of quoted to quartered as in drawn and quartered.(Fred Allen)Champagne for my real friends and real pain for my sham friends.(credited to Tom Waits)Once you are dead you are dead. That last day idea. Knocking them all up out of their graves. Come forth, Lazarus! And he came fifth and lost the job.(James Joyce, Ulysses, 1922)I have a sin of fear, that when I have spunMy last thread, I shall perish on the shore;But swear by Thyself, that at my death Thy SonShall shine as he shines now, and heretofore;And having done that, Thou hast done;I fear no more.(John Donne, A Hymn to God the Father)Snigletpupkus, the moist residue left on a window after a dog presses its nose to it. - a made-up word that sounds like pup kiss, since no actual word for this exists.SyllepsisWhen I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes.  - a figure of speech in which a single  word is applied to two others in two different senses (here, raising ones voice and raising ones hopes).(E.B. White, Dog Training)Tongue TwistersChester chooses chestnuts, cheddar cheese with chewy chives. He chews them and he chooses them. He chooses them and he chews them. . . . those chestnuts, cheddar cheese and chives in cheery, charming chunks.  - repetition of the ch sound.(Singing in the Rain, 1952) Language Use as a Form of Play Jokes and witty remarks (including puns and figurative language) are obvious instances of word-play in which most of us routinely engage. But it is also possible to regard a large part of all language use as a form of play. Much of the time speech and writing are not primarily concerned with the instrumental conveying of information at all, but with the social interplay embodied in the activity itself. In fact, in a narrowly instrumental, purely informational sense most language use is no use at all. Moreover, we are all regularly exposed to a barrage of more or less overtly playful language, often accompanied by no less playful images and music. Hence the perennial attraction (and distraction) of everything from advertising and pop songs to newspapers, panel games, quizzes, comedy shows, crosswords, Scrabble and graffiti.(Rob Pope, The English Studies Book: An Introduction to Language, Literature and Culture, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Word Play in the Classroom We believe the evidence base supports using word play in the classroom. Our belief relates to these four research-grounded statements about word play: - Word play is motivating and an important component of the word-rich classroom.- Word play calls on students to reflect metacognitively on words, word parts, and context.- Word play requires students to be active learners and capitalizes on possibilities for the social construction of meaning.- Word play develops domains of word meaning and relatedness as it engages students in practice and rehearsal of words. (Camille L. Z. Blachowicz and Peter Fisher, Keeping the Fun in Fundamental: Encouraging Word Awareness and Incidental Word Learning in the Classroom Through Word Play. Vocabulary Instruction: Research to Practice, ed. by James F. Baumann and Edward J. Kameenui. Guilford, 2004) Shakespeares Word Play Wordplay was a game the Elizabethans played seriously. Shakespeares first audience would have found a noble climax in the conclusion of Mark Antonys lament over Caesar: O World! thou wast the Forrest to this HartAnd this indeed, O World, the Hart of thee, just as they would have relished the earnest pun of Hamlets reproach to Gertrude: Could you on this faire Mountaine leave to feed,And batten on this Moore? To Elizabethan ways of thinking, there was plenty of authority for these eloquent devices. It was to be found in Scripture (Tu es Petrus . . .) and in the whole line of rhetoricians, from Aristotle and Quintilian, through the neo-classical textbooks that Shakespeare read perforce at school, to the English writers such as Puttenham whom he read later for his own advantage as a poet.(M. M. Mahood, Shakespeares Wordplay. Routledge, 1968) Found Word-Play A few years ago I was sitting at a battered desk in my room in the funky old wing of the Pioneer Inn, Lahaina, Maui, when I discovered the following rhapsody scratched with ballpoint pen into the soft wooden bottom of the desk drawer. SaxaphoneSaxiphoneSaxophoneSaxyphoneSaxephoneSaxafone Obviously, some unknown traveler--drunk, stoned, or simply Spell-Check deprived--had been penning a postcard or letter when he or she ran headlong into Dr. Saxs marvelous instrument. I have no idea how the problem was resolved, but the confused attempt struck me as a little poem, an ode to the challenges of our written language.(Tom Robbins, Send Us a Souvenir From the Road. Wild Ducks Flying Backward, Bantam, 2005) Alternate Spellings: wordplay, word-play

Essay about Life of John Adams, Second President of the...

John Adams John Adams was a great proponent of the no taxation without representation proclamation. He was a devout Christian and delved into his life with the Holy Spirit. God had a great duty for John in the history and development of America. John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 in Quincy, Massachusetts. His father’s name was John Adams as well, his profession was to deal with political matters in the town, and also to serve in the militia. John Adams’s mothers name was Susanna Boylston Adams. Susanna’s priorities were to focus and to base her family upon Christ’s truth, and to be devoted to her family. John had been provided a swell education through all of his years of school. When he graduated grade school in 1746, he went to†¦show more content†¦There were many protests to follow that which Abigail supported him on. John celebrated with the Bostonians when they poured the tea into the Boston Harbor, and was ready at any time to speak for liberty. John became a delegate of the First Continental Congress and second continental congress in 1774.The passing three years John strongly encouraged the congress to make a decision to separate the colonies from England. He helped draft a document that would state America independent and would defend the Declaration of Independence on May 10, 1776. John was on a committee that drafted the declaration of independence, in this he met many people who fought for the same freedoms and liberty. John was the first vice president of the United States serving under General George Washington. After that John was elected the position of being the 2nd President of the United States of America in 1796. In this position Adams prevented war between France and America by signing a treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte in 1800. The treaty by which he drafted was the ending of the Revolutionary War in 1783. John also made and signed the Alien and Sedition act, which was a set of unpopular laws that stated that everyone would a freedom of speech. Adams had ideas of America pushing off Canada from their shores, he also had an interest in America extending west. While trying to make the treaty work with the French, John and his son John Quincy toured Europe where they hired their firstShow MoreRelatedJohn Adams Essays1414 Words   |  6 PagesAs the second president of the United States and the first vice president, John Adams had experienced various kinds of lives of different social positions. Adams, in his early years, tried diverse professions like writer, lawyer, public speaker, and congressman. Later, he became one of the leaders of several political fields, such as the American Revoluti on and foreign relationships, whose contributions had influenced the United States Constitution. People and nations are forged in the firesRead MoreBiography of John Quincy Adams709 Words   |  3 Pages Did you know that John Quincy Adams is the most fit president because he walked three miles every day ? These facts are really interesting! To learn about John Quincy Adams. During his childhood these are some important events that happened. A little boy was born on July 11, 1767 in Braintree, Massachusetts. This little boy’s name is John Quincy Adams. When John was 10, he went with his father to France on a mission and acted as his father’s secretary. Also, from a hilltop near the family farmRead More John Quincy Adams Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams was the only son of a president to become president. He had an impressive political background that began at the age of fourteen. He was an intelligent and industrious individual. He was a man of strong character and high principles. By all account, his presidency should have been a huge success, yet it wasnt. John Quincy Adams presidency was frustrating and judged a failure because of the scandal, attached to his election, the pettiness of his politicalRead MorePresidents Of The United States1684 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been forty-four Presidents of the United States and most people can only name a few. One of the lesser known presidents is known as John Quincy Adams who was President from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. His fame may have been enriched by the fact that he was the first son of a president to become president. â€Å"Quincy† as he was called to avoid any confusion with his father John Adams, was one of the most qualified people to ever be elected into the White House. His six years (one term)Read MoreJohn Adams : The Second President Of The United States1224 Words   |  5 Pages John Adams was known for being the second president of the United States. He was a man of will power and strength that was an advocate of independence from Britain. Adams, along with other supporters of America wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the most influential leaders that America has had. He did anything and everything to break away from Britain and become an independent country. Aside from being of the nation’s greatest leaders he was also a loving husband and a fatherRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Jacksonian Era1217 Words   |  5 Pages Andrew Jackson was president for only two terms, but he left behind a legacy that lasted for many years. His legacy lasted so long they named an Era after him, the Jacksonian Era. Andrew Jackson was unlike the presidents before him, and he was considered the first modern president. I agree that the Jacksonian Era was a pivotal period in American History when the role of the Federal Government and the President were redefined. Many changes occurred during the Jacksonian Era like the issue of slaveryRead MoreAbigail Adams : A Revolutionary Woman1382 Words   |  6 Pages  Charles W. Akers. Abigail Adams: A Revolutionary Woman. Third ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charles W. Akers’ Abigail Adams: A Revolutionary Woman is written about Abigail Adams whom is the wife to the second president of the United States, John Adams. Abigail begins by describing the role of women during the colonial time when the US only consisted of the 13 colonies. Starting with her birth on November 11, 1744 to her death on October 28, 1818 Abigail describes the role she playedRead MoreAbigail Adams And The Revolutionary Time Period1585 Words   |  7 Pagesshould have learned women.† – Abigail Adams (Brainy Quote). In the 1700’s, most women were uneducated and thought little about education and knowledge of the intricate workings of government and society. However, one woman saw the value of education and free thinking way before most of her contemporaries. In Abigail Adams, a biography by Charles W. Akers, a unique perspective of the revolutionary time period is displayed through the eyes of Abig ail Adams by contrasting the way women were treatedRead More The Election of 1824 Essay969 Words   |  4 Pages1824 is one of the most unique and interesting elections in American history. The four candidates in the election were William Crawford, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson. They were all from the Jacksonian Republican Party. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;William H. Crawford was very experienced in politics. Before running for president in 1824, he was James Monroe’s secretary of war and he was also secretary of treasury under Monroe and James Madison. He also served in congress as anRead MoreEssay on John Adams: A Brief Biography780 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Adams was born on October 30th 1735, in Braintree, Massachusetts on his family farm. His father Deacon John Adams was a deacon of the church and also at times the town’s tax collector, constable, and lieutenant of the militia. Senior John Adams passed away in 1761 from the flu epidemic. Johns mother Susanna Boylston Adams was known to have a fiery temper. She remarried to Lt. John Hall, in 1766. John Adams did not seem to get along with his new stepfather. As a child John’s father taught

Mandatory HIV/AIDS testing for Pregnant Woman Free Essays

string(295) " carried out on the newborn will always turn out to be positive, for the simple reason that the baby has would have inherited the HIV antibodies of its mother automatically during the birth and delivery processes, and this cannot be taken to mean that the newborn is infected with AIDS and HIV\." Today, anti retroviral therapies are being developed by several manufacturers, in a bid to finally be able to reduce the number of instances of the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The drug AZT, for example, has been successful at bringing the rate of such direct transmissions down, and this has given rise to a widespread feeling that if testing of pregnant women for the presence of the dreaded AIDS virus were to be made mandatory, then perhaps many lives could be saved. It must be remembered that before the year 1994, when AIDS became renowned for its impact on the human body, not much was known about the disease, often referred to as ‘the scourge of modern man’, and nothing at all was known about the transmission of this disease from a mother to her unborn child. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory HIV/AIDS testing for Pregnant Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was in late 1994 that an American clinical trial known as ‘ACTG 076’ was able to prove the assumption that when a drug AZT was administered to a HIV positive pregnant woman, and also to her child immediately after its birth, it was able to lower the rate of transmission from a high of 25 % to a low of 8 %. The trial was based on the fact that the pregnant woman had to be given the drug during her pregnancy, during her labor, during her delivery, and for the newborn baby during his first six weeks of life. Immediately after the results of this trial were published, the US Public Health Service recommended that all HIV positive pregnant women must be given the drug, especially to those women who demonstrated a likelihood of developing the disease. This was to include women who had never taken drugs of any kind against HIV AIDS. The administration of the drug, of course, involved an invasion of the woman’s basic privacy, and this was something that created a stir at the time. Such invasion of privacy was not to be tolerated.   (Yovetich) As stated earlier, making HIV testing mandatory for a pregnant woman, in the hope that the woman’s unborn child could be given a better and more productive and disease free life was not as simple an issue as it may have sounded at the time. There was much opposition from several different quarters. The main reason for the opposition was that the woman’s private life would be exposed, as HIV was a disease that was clothed in much secrecy, and it still is today. Defenders of privacy of a human being fought a long war to oppose mandatory testing of all pregnant women for the dreaded AIDS/HIV virus. To test a woman against her will, and then inform her that she had AIDS, and that she must take the drug so that her unborn child would not develop the disease would be a rather intrusive method to follow, felt privacy defenders, even if such testing meant that the risk of transmission to others would be reduced, and many lives could be saved in the future. However, the several advances in science through the years until today have prompted many individuals to reconsider the issue today. Several people ask themselves today, are the potential benefits of mandatory testing for AIDS/HIV in some contexts outweighing the privacy interests? Or, on the other hand, is such an invasion of privacy completely justified if the unborn child could be saved from a life of disease and eventual death? It must be noted that several experiments and trials have been able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that when a pregnant woman is tested for AIDS, and it is found that she is HIV positive, and she is then offered the drug that would combat the transmission of the disease to her unborn child, and she takes up the offer, then the chances of the unborn fetus being born with full blown AIDS would be reduced dramatically. Statistics have revealed that such therapy would successful bring down the rate of transmission from a high of a one on four chance, to a one in fifty chance. Such evidence has prompted a rash of proposals on the part of the governments to make the testing of HIV/AIDS mandatory for a pregnant woman. To date, it must be noted that only the legislatures of New York and Connecticut have been able to sanction mandatory programs that would impose HIV tests on a pregnant woman, without her consent, wherein she would be able to turn down the ‘offer of testing’ put forth to her. Although it may be true that at first glance, one would not be able to understand why anyone would wish to turn down an offer to save their unborn child, it is indeed a fact that science today has not yet advanced so far as to absolutely guarantee that the young pregnant woman would not pass on the disease to her child, like for example, statistics are able to prove that even if a pregnant woman has no medication at all for her AIDS, she still has only a one in four chance of transmitting the virus to her unborn child. This is because of the simple fact that a mother transmits the disease to her child during the process of delivery, which is the time when the infant would be exposed to the blood of his mother, without the protection of the umbilical cord that has connected him to his mother all the nine months. In other words, statistics prove that intra-uterine transmission, that is, transference of the virus before delivery, of AIDS to the unborn infant is quite rare, and it does not take place in one out of four cases. AIDS and HIV can also be transmitted to the child after its birth, through breast feeding. Furthermore, it is important to remember that when an infant is born to an HIV-positive mother, HIV-antibody tests carried out on the newborn will always turn out to be positive, for the simple reason that the baby has would have inherited the HIV antibodies of its mother automatically during the birth and delivery processes, and this cannot be taken to mean that the newborn is infected with AIDS and HIV. You read "Mandatory HIV/AIDS testing for Pregnant Woman" in category "Essay examples" In these cases, the antibodies that the baby has inherited would stay in his body for the first few months of his life, after which it would be replaced with his own. If the HIV testing is done on the infant at this stage, it would reveal the actual status of the child, rather than if it were to be done immediately after birth, which would often mislead the persons involved.     (The ACLU on HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns 2001) It is a sad fact indeed that the data on AIDS in America and in Canada indicated that almost 766 out of 824 pregnant and HIV infected women from twenty five states of the United States of America were aware of their HIV status much before their deliveries, yet there are about 280 to 370 peri-natal HIV transmissions in the country, every year. Researchers and scientists state repeatedly that the only way in which to control this dismal state of affairs would be to make HIV/AIDS testing mandatory for pregnant woman, despite opposition from several quarters. In Canada, for example, three different HIV testing approaches have been assayed, and medical records and relevant data have shown without doubt that the so called ‘opt-in’ or voluntary testing approach, in which a pregnant woman is offered pre-HIV test counseling, and must give her consent voluntarily to an HIV test is generally related with lower testing rates than the ‘opt-out’ voluntary testing approach, in which the woman, who has had HIV/AIDS counseling, may choose to refuse HIV testing. As a matter of fact, even the mandatory newborn HIV testing approach proved to be ineffective, and the testing rates were much lower than expected, although they were better than the ‘opt-in’ testing method. (HIV testing among pregnant women, United States and Canada 1998 to 2001 2002) Today, with the governments across the world, especially in developed countries responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, women seem to be at the center of all the attention, and increasingly, global efforts at AIDS prevention seem to center on women, especially pregnant women who may transmit the dreaded AIDS virus to their unborn child, either before or after delivery. Most governments are taking advantage of the fact that medicines and drugs are available today, which would be able to effectively block the transmission of the virus to an infant, and these governments are using the drugs to make sure that the AIDS virus would not spread far and wide. One such government initiative is the ‘PMTCT Program’, or the ‘Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Program’. It must be stated here that although the benefits of this and other similar programs may be tremendous, it is very important that the government takes into consideration the experiences of a pregnant woman who lives with AIDS, and the trauma that she undergoes as a direct result. The government must also learn to adopt a human rights perspective when it deals with a pregnant woman, and issues that concern her privacy. As a matter of fact, several governments seem to have forgotten, state human rights personnel, about the woman with AIDS, so keen are they on the prevention of the transmission of AIDS to the unborn child. Herein lies the crux of the issue: if the woman were to be treated as a patient, who is suffering from a dreaded and fatal disease, who needs treatment for the disease, and who has human rights as an individual, then it would be infinitely easier to deal with the issue. In other words, if the governments were to respect the woman who is harboring the AIDS virus, and treat her with basic human dignity and respect, it would ensure that her unborn child who is the future citizen of the country, and the future of his family would be better served. When this is taken in light of the fact that women are three times as likely as men to develop HIV/AIDS, and that a woman is physiologically more susceptible than a man to developing the infection through vaginal intercourse, it would seem that according a woman the deference that she deserves would be the best approach to the problem. In certain under developed countries, women have been reported to say that when they were diagnosed with AIDS, they were asked to abort their unborn fetuses, as they supposedly ‘had no right to pass on the infection to their unborn baby’.   In such cases, it is evident that the feelings and the rights of the woman were not considered in any way, and this is by no means uncommon. Although PMTCT Programs have today gained in popularity, and it is being touted across the world as being the one surefire method to control AIDS, these programs do implicate a certain invasion of the privacy and dignity of the woman concerned, especially in countries where the woman is denied the right to give informed consent to HIV/AIDS testing and treatment, probably because of a lack of education, and she is also denied her right to confidentiality. When this is taken in context of the stigma associated with AIDS in several countries, it is obvious that the program must be refined and restated, if it were to be a success.   (Pregnant woman living with HIV n.d) To conclude, it must be said that although mandatory testing for HIV/AIDS may be an excellent idea and that it would help prevent the transmission of the virus to a woman’s unborn child, the program must be implemented while keeping in mind the human rights, the right to confidentiality, and the basic human rights of the woman suffering form the disease. If this were to be done, then one can look forward to a world in which the awful HIV/AIDS virus would be eliminated, and the world would be a safe place once more. Works cited Yovetich, Tasha â€Å"Making it mandatory, should HIV tests be required for pregnant women?† The Canadian Women’s Health Network (1999) 13 December 2007 http://www.cwhn.ca/network-reseau/2-1/hiv.html â€Å"The ACLU on HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns† HIV testing of pregnant women and newborns (2001) 13 December 2007 http://www.aclu.org/hiv/testing/11535pub20010101.html â€Å"HIV testing among pregnant women, United States and Canada 1998 to 2001† MMWR Weekly (2002) 13 December 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5145a1.htm â€Å"Pregnant woman living with HIV† Reproductive Right.org 13 December 2007 (n.d) http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:nY2ZbVW-hQoJ:www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/pub_bp_HIV.pdf+Mandatory+HIV/AIDS+testing+for+Pregnant+Womanhl=enct=clnkcd=4gl=in How to cite Mandatory HIV/AIDS testing for Pregnant Woman, Essay examples

The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay free essay sample

If people were to accept that absurdism exists then that would mean that life is irrational and has no arrangements of any sort. This would mean that everything mankind has done so far to progress itself through society and religion means absolutely nothing because both are used to control chaos from happening in the first place. Consequently, if a person is known to be an absurdist, people would generally think that means someone who lives a life without any meaning. However, this is not true because a life can be lived out rationally or irrationally and be meaningful at the same time because it is a choice. The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, takes place in Algeria in the mid 1940s. Around this time period, the French had colonized this area and considered themselves to be superior to the Arabs. Though this story does show the racism that the French projects onto the Arabs, Camus also uses this book to teach readers the idea of what can be meaningful to the lives of humans as well as how the philosophy of absurdity fits into it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Absurdity basically means that the world is so full of nonsense that it is almost impossible to find any sort of meaning in life so therefore everything is meaningless. Camus use this as his own philosophy to understand why the world is the way it is. He then applied this notion in his book called The Stranger as a medium to explore this very idea because if there were to be absolutely no logic, no rationality, or any type of structure in the existence of the human race then everything is simply insignificant. The antagonist in this allegory is named Meursault, who is sent to trial after he shoots an Arab. Camus tells this story to map out and explain his philosophy on â€Å"the absurd† through Meursault experience from ignorance to self-acknowledgment of the world the antagonist lives in. Although he is sent to trial for the murder of the Arab man, Meursault, in actuality, is being tried because of his lack of emotions and his ultimate rejection of God. As a result, Meursault is forced to finally analyze for himself as well as to question and to conclude about how he is the way he is and what he can do to make his life meaningful. Meursault shows himself to be a nonconformist in such that he does not abide the proper social conduct in the society he lives in. He is unfairly judged by society because he exhibits no emotions of any kind at his mothers funeral. In a community where the principle belief that emotional displays are the necessary and correct response to traumatic events such as in Meursaults case (his mothers death) means that there is a standard that is applied to all people. But because the protagonist is shown to be a rebel he does not obey the expected behavior of mourning that society wants him to show. Society asks â€Å"has [Meursault] uttered a word of regret for his most odious crimes? Not one word, gentlemen. Not once in the course of these proceedings did this man show the least contrition (Camus 126). Meursault finally understands that he is in a paradoxical situation where he is judged for showing the lack of feelings rather than his murdering of the Arab man. In the courtroom, the jury represents society’s ethics in which Meursault is being judge while the spectators in the courtroom represent society who are there to pass views on him. He eventually is put on the death penalty because of his nonconformist attitude. Another example that shows the protagonist to be a social misfit is that Meursault believes all men are equal in a sense that no one can ever escape death even if they were a Christian or not. He explains that â€Å"every man alive was privileged; there [are] only one class of men, the privileged class. All alike would be condemn to die one day; his turn, too, would come like the others (Camus 152). † He even goes on to say that Old Salamano’s dog was worth just as much as Old Salamanos wife in view of the fact that like all humans, dogs will eventually die as well. So the life of a human can’t be more special than that of a dog since both organisms are made equal by death. The protagonist is an absolute rebel because he is passive, detached, and emotionless but because of it he can understand how society works. Though Meursault recognizes that religion was made by man in an attempt to create meaning to an existence he does not believe that God can help any individual escape death because everyone will eventually die. To accept Christianity would mean the possibility of going to Heaven thus escaping death. This is a belief held by people so that they could have a sense of significance. Meursault provokes this idea and clearly says out loud that he does not believe in God. When the magistrate ask Meursault â€Å"if [he] believed in God. [Meursault] said no. [Magistrate said] all men believed in God, even hose who rejects him [ ] if ever he came to doubt it, his life would lose all meaning. Do you wish my life to have no meaning(Camus 86)? † The magistrate places the meaning of his existence on his faith in God while Meursault rejects that idea that the rest of society seems to be accepting and dismisses it. Meursault challenges religion even before his own death by denouncing God and as a backlash, Meursault is made to be a hardened criminal. When he is visited by the chaplain, Meursault suddenly has an epiphany and â€Å"told him not to waste[ ] his prayers on [him]. Meursault] wasn’t even sure [the chaplain]was alive, because he was living like a dead man [†¦]. Actually, I was so sure of myself, far surer then he; sure of my present life and of the death that was coming [†¦] but at least that certainty was something I could at least get my teeth into-just as it had got its teeth into me (Camus 151). † Because the chaplain uses religion to get a ticket into the afterlife, Meursault says â€Å"he was living like a dead man. † The protagonist lives his life in the present and he does not care about the so-called a â€Å"after-life. This is where Meursault finally begins to transform from a passive person into someone who forms their own opinions. Meursault regards life and death simply because if everyone’s going to die, God shouldn’t matter anyway. Meursault is content being a spectator in life and is aware that he does exist, however he does not know if everyone else exists as well and in account of that he forces himself to be isolated and detached from society since he does not know how to handle emotions. In the beginning Meursault feels no personal guilt for killing the Arab yet he somehow knows that he has done something wrong within himself. When Meursault killed the Arab he â€Å"fired four shots more into the inert body [†¦] and each successive shot was another loud, faithful rap on the door of my undoing (Camus 76). † Even after the Arab was long dead, Meursault still shoots the gun four more times and he never stops himself. When questioned for the killing, Meursault takes the blame for the shooting the four bullets but not for the very first one because â€Å"the trigger gave. † This behavior is only capable of someone who is detached from society. When he goes to jail, the protagonist seems to come off as a free being rather than outside of it. Even though he is lacking in emotions and he lives in a prison, Meursault is free from societal oppression. With all the questioning he receives from the jury as well as his own lawyer, he is force to think for himself why society the way it does and how does religion goes into it. Meursault says in his final thoughts before being executed that in order â€Å" for [him] to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of [his] execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that hey should greet [him] with howls of execration (Camus 154). Meursault now makes his own pathway by making his own choices on how to look at life and what is meaningful to him in it. He finally accepts that life itself lacks rationality and meaning anyway and does not need any form of order to find meaning. An interesting thing to note is that Meursault sees his execution as his graduation ceremony of his new acquired philosophy (which would be his diploma). The main point is not for Meursault to feel less alone but it’s that he can choose whether or not he wants to be. Meursault is aware of this ability, and that this is what defines his revelation. Society believes Meursault to be immoral because of his detachment and he is put on trial more for his abnormal characteristics than his crime. Camus use of writing about an existentialist allegory shows Meursault’s journey of becoming enlighten. Although at first, Meursault uses his isolation to live a simple life because it is the path of least resistance he also uses his detachment from society to finally understands that he has the ability to make his own choices.